被動語態
核心概念：主動 vs 被動
| 主動語態 | 被動語態 |
|---|---|
| Someone cleans the room. | The room is cleaned (by someone). |
| 焦點在「動作者」 | 焦點在「受動者」 |
| 及物動詞才能轉被動 | 不及物動詞無被動式 |
各時態被動式構造 (be + Vpp)
| 時態 | be 動詞形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在簡單式 | am/is/are + Vpp | English is spoken here. |
| 過去簡單式 | was/were + Vpp | The book was written by him. |
| 現在完成式 | have/has been + Vpp | The work has been done. |
| 未來簡單式 | will be + Vpp | The meeting will be held tomorrow. |
| 現在進行式 | am/is/are being + Vpp | The room is being cleaned now. |
| 過去進行式 | was/were being + Vpp | Dinner was being cooked when I arrived. |
| 含情態動詞 | modal + be + Vpp | This must be done immediately. |
by 的使用與省略
保留 by
動作者為特定人/物、重要資訊
This painting was painted by Picasso.
省略 by
動作者不明、泛指、明顯、非人
Rice is grown in Taiwan. (by farmers 明顯)
雙受詞動詞的被動 (give, tell, ask, show...)
| 主動 | 被動 1 (人當主詞) | 被動 2 (物當主詞) |
|---|---|---|
| He gave me a book. | I was given a book. | A book was given to me. |
| She told us a story. | We were told a story. | A story was told to us. |
會考偏好「人當主詞」的被動句型。
感官/使役動詞主動語態表達被動意義
see/hear/feel/watch/notice + O + V-ing/V (原形)
I saw him cross the street. (= He was seen to cross...)
make/let/have + O + 原形動詞
He made me do it. (被動：I was made to do it. 注意加 to)
help + O + 原形/to V
She helped me (to) finish it.